3. Merit and Demerits of computers

3.3. operating system

Definition:

An Operating System (OS) is system software that controls and manages all hardware and software in a computer.
It acts as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware, allowing users to interact with the machine easily.

Main Functions of an Operating System

Function Description Example
1. Process Management Controls running programs (processes) and allocates CPU time. Running multiple apps smoothly
2. Memory Management Allocates and monitors computer memory (RAM) among programs. Prevents crashes from lack of memory
3. File Management Manages storage, creation, and access to files and folders. Saving and retrieving documents
4. Device Management Controls hardware devices through drivers (keyboard, printer, etc.). Printing a file
5. User Interface (UI) Provides a way for users to interact with the computer (Graphical or Command-based). Windows desktop, Command Prompt
6. Security Management Protects system resources and data from unauthorized access. Login passwords, user accounts

Types of Operating Systems

Type Description Example
1. Single-user, Single-tasking Allows only one user and one task at a time. MS-DOS
2. Single-user, Multi-tasking One user can run multiple tasks at once. Windows, macOS
3. Multi-user OS Many users can use the system simultaneously. UNIX, Linux
4. Network OS Controls and manages networked computers. Windows Server, Novell NetWare
5. Real-Time OS (RTOS) Processes data instantly for time-sensitive tasks. Used in robots, medical systems
6. Mobile OS Designed for mobile devices. Android, iOS

Examples of Operating Systems

  • Microsoft Windows

  • Linux

  • macOS

  • Android

  • iOS

  • UNIX

Importance of an Operating System

  • Makes computer use easier

  • Controls hardware and software coordination

  • Manages memory and storage

  • Provides security and user management

  • Enables multitasking and networking